\n<\/p>\n
Could two rights make a wrong? Cannabis and immunotherapy have both gained traction in the oncology field in recent years \u2014 one to help treat symptoms and the other as a gentler alternative to chemotherapy \u2014 but there\u2019s been some concern that for cancer patients using both, the former could interfere with the latter.1,2\u00a0\u00a0A newly published study in the\u00a0European Journal of Cancer,3\u00a0\u00a0however, suggests there may be nothing to fear.<\/p>\n
Drugs called\u00a0immune checkpoint inhibitors\u00a0are a form of\u00a0immunotherapy\u00a0that have transformed \u2014 with better targeting and less severe side effects \u2014 the treatment of many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors are routinely administered as first-line treatments for NSCLC, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy.<\/p>\n
Cannabis, too, has become more widely used among cancer patients over the past decade, paralleling its growing societal acceptance and expanding medical use. In addition to preclinical research and anecdotal accounts indicating that cannabinoids may have anti-cancer effects, cannabis is also well known to mitigate many symptoms and side effects of cancer and cancer treatment, including nausea, pain, and suppressed appetite.<\/p>\n
Worries about the potential incompatibility of these two treatments stem from the fact that the cannabinoid receptor CB2 is predominately expressed by immune cells, and its activation may suppress immune function. Immunotheraperies like immune checkpoint inhibitors depend upon a robust response to do their work. It\u2019s at least plausible, then, that cannabis might interfere with immunotherapy: instead of helping, it may actually hurt.<\/p>\n
In fact, that\u2019s exactly what two previous studies from an Israeli research team in 20194\u00a0\u00a0and 20205\u00a0\u00a0have suggested \u2014 though, as the authors of the new paper, also based in Israel, argue right off the bat, those earlier findings come with some pretty large caveats. \u201cThese studies included patients with various cancers, treatment regimens, and lines of therapy and were given [immune checkpoint inhibitors] at advanced line shortly before death,\u201d the authors write. \u201cUnder these circumstances, the use of cannabis is often a mere surrogate for high-burden symptomatic disease.\u201d<\/p>\n
It\u2019s no surprise to find two research teams in Israel tackling the same question. Not only is the country a global leader in cannabis science, but medical cannabis is the most prescribed medication for cancer patients nationwide, used by more than 10,000 individuals, the authors of the new paper note.<\/p>\n
To further investigate the question of whether cannabis might reduce the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, they folded two separate tests into the new study: a retrospective, observational study in human NSCLC patients, and a lab experiment using a mouse model of colorectal cancer.<\/p>\n
\u201cWith the increasing use of medical cannabis worldwide, this finding is of major clinical importance.\u201d<\/p>\n
The human study in and of itself is noteworthy. While plenty of preclinical evidence exists demonstrating the anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids, clinical trials investigating relationships between cannabis use and cancer outcomes in actual patients are rare. The best, most reliable kind of clinical trial is carefully organized in advance, randomized, and controlled, but this observational, retrospective study (where relationships between variables were reviewed after the fact via detailed medical records) is at least a step in that direction.<\/p>\n
Acknowledging the study\u2019s limitations is important, but the bottom line is clear. Among 201 lung cancer patients at Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center receiving the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment, rate of tumor progression over years of clinical follow-up was similar between patients prescribed medical cannabis within the first month of treatment (n=102) and patients not prescribed cannabis (n=99). Additionally, no statistically significant differences in overall survival were observed between the two groups of patients.<\/p>\n
In the animal portion of the study, the researchers treated a total of 30 tumor-bearing mice with either: 1) a high-THC cannabis extract (at two different concentrations); 2) an immune checkpoint inhibitor drug; 3) immunotherapy plus cannabis (again at two different concentrations); or 4) an inactive control vehicle, with seven to nine individuals in each group. Tumor volume and survival rate were evaluated in the mice over the ensuing weeks and months.<\/p>\n
Here, again, the researchers\u2019 findings are unambiguous \u2014 and even more tellingly, they align with those of the human study. Cannabis treatment did not alter the efficacy (for better or worse) of the immunotherapy. In addition, mice treated with just cannabis fared slightly better than mice in the control group in terms of both tumor growth rate and survival rate.<\/p>\n
\u201cOur data suggest that the use of cannabis concomitantly with [immune checkpoint inhibitors] does not reduce treatment efficacy in NSCLC,\u201d the authors conclude. \u201cWith the increasing use of medical cannabis worldwide, this finding is of major clinical importance.\u201d<\/p>\n
Future work (ideally in the form of randomized, or at least prospective clinical trials, to produce the best evidence possible) could test the applicability of these findings to other cancers, treatment combinations, and cannabis extracts. But for now, at least, they may offer \u2014 as the paper\u2019s very title suggests \u2014 a \u201csigh of relief\u201d to those concerned about cannabis\u2019 role in cancer immunotherapy.<\/p>\n
Nate Seltenrich, Project CBD contributing writer, is the author of the column\u00a0Bridging the Gap.\u00a0An independent science journalist based in the San Francisco Bay Area, he covers\u00a0a wide range of subjects, including environmental health, neuroscience, and pharmacology. \u00a9 Copyright, Project CBD. May not be reprinted without\u00a0permission.<\/p>\n
Hanganu, Bianca et al. \u201cControversial Link between Cannabis and Anticancer Treatments-Where Are We and Where Are We Going? A Systematic Review of the Literature.\u201d Cancers vol. 14,16 4057. 22 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3390\/cancers14164057<\/p>\n
Worster, Brooke et al. \u201cCannabis Use in Patients With Cancer: A Clinical Review.\u201d JCO oncology practice vol. 18,11 (2022): 743-749. doi:10.1200\/OP.22.00080<\/p>\n
Waissengrin, Barliz et al. \u201cThe use of medical cannabis concomitantly with immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: A sigh of relief?.\u201d European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), vol. 180 52-61. 29 Nov. 2022, doi:10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.11.022<\/p>\n
Taha, Tarek et al. \u201cCannabis Impacts Tumor Response Rate to Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Malignancies.\u201d The oncologist vol. 24,4 (2019): 549-554. doi:10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0383<\/p>\n
Bar-Sela, Gil et al. \u201cCannabis Consumption Used by Cancer Patients during Immunotherapy Correlates with Poor Clinical Outcome.\u201d Cancers vol. 12,9 2447. 28 Aug. 2020, doi:10.3390\/cancers12092447<\/p><\/div>\n
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