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I counted over 175 talks and posters at the 33rd annual gathering of the International Cannabinoid Research Society (ICRS), which convened in Toronto at the end of June. In accordance with longstanding ICRS policy, all speakers presented new findings and data that had not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal. But this year\u2019s 4-day ICRS conference was notable not only for its cutting-edge science. It was also the first ICRS meeting since the passing of its cofounder and guiding light Raphael Mechoulam.<\/p>\n
Several colleagues paid homage to Mechoulam in a moving memorial session that honored his many contributions to the burgeoning field of cannabinoid science, which has grown to encompass numerous academic and clinical disciplines. The wide range of topics addressed at the conference is both a reflection of the endocannabinoid system\u2019s ubiquitous role in health and disease and a testament to the enduring mysteries of plant medicine.<\/p>\n
Cannabidiol (CBD) figured prominently in several noteworthy oral presentations and posters that explored the therapeutic potential of plant cannabinoids from various angles. A few highlights:<\/p>\n
CBD for breast cancer recovery. Researchers from McGill University in Montreal reported a case study of a 52-yr-old breast cancer survivor who experienced significant improvement in neuropathy symptoms and quality of life following self-administration of 300 mg\/day of CBD isolate for six weeks.<\/p>\n
CBD for post-concussion syndrome. John Patrick Neary and a team of scientists in Western Canada examined CBD\u2019s impact on 3 female patients who suffered from post-concussion syndrome. They found that cannabidiol helped restore blood pressure dynamics and improve cardiac function in patients who consumed doses as low as 50 mg\/day or as high as 400 mg\/day.<\/p>\n
CBD for psychosis. Dutch scientists from Utrecht University reported that impaired functioning of the brain\u2019s default mode network \u201clikely contributes to psychosis vulnerability.\u201d They found that a CBD treatment regimen of 600 mg daily for four weeks attenuated dysfunctional default mode connectivity in a study of 31 recent-onset psychosis patients.<\/p>\n
THC better than CBD for obesity. Israeli scientists assessed the impact of chronically administered CBD and THC on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Given the appetite-arousing qualities of cannabis (\u201cthe munchies\u201d), it seems paradoxical that the \u201cprevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases are lower in cannabis users compared to non-users,\u201d the Israelis noted. Experiments on mice yielded biphasic results: 10 mg\/kg of purified THC stimulated weight gain and impaired glucose-tolerance in mice, but 30 mg\/kg of THC had the opposite effect, leading to a reduction in weight gain and improved glucose-tolerance. While CBD treatment enhanced glucose-tolerance regardless of weight gain, THC showed greater promise as an anti-obesity compound, according to this study. The researchers concluded that \u201cchronic oral consumption of sufficient concentrations of THC, but not CBD, ameliorates diet-induced obesity and . . . metabolic disorders.\u201d<\/p>\n
Sufficient concentrations of THC, but not CBD, reduces diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders.<\/p>\n
CBD-rich cultivars for anxiety. University of Colorado researcher L. Cinnamon Bidwell examined the effects of three cannabis chemovars with different THC:CBD ratios. Not surprisingly, the CBD-dominant chemovar with little THC was associated with significant reductions in anxiety and tension among cannabis users as compared to the THC-dominant and the mixed THC:CBD chemovars.<\/p>\n
Cannabis and cortisol.\u00a0Washington State University researchers probed the chronic and acute effects of cannabis use on human cortisol rhythms. \u201cStress relief is the most cited reason for habitual cannabis use,\u201d they noted in their assessment of how cannabis consumption impacts levels of cortisol, a stress-related hormone. \u201cWe found a significant decrease in cortisol concentrations following acute cannabis use,\u201d they concluded. \u201cThese findings corroborate cannabis users\u2019 self-reported experience of decreased stress following cannabis use.\u201d<\/p>\n
CBG and CBC. Preliminary results from a \u201cdouble-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial\u201d underscored the anxiolytic, stress-relieving, and memory-enhancing potential of cannabigerol (CBG), which produced greater reductions in anxiety than placebo. Cannabicromene (CBC), another minor phytocannabinoid, was reported to exert effects through various pathways, including the CB2 cannabinoid receptor, ion channels TRPA1 and TRPA4, and the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma.<\/p>\n
Pain, opioids, and addiction comprised a major area of focus at ICRS 2023. Much of this research involved animal models and other preclinical experiments that shed light on the subtleties and inner workings of the endocannabinoid system. Medical scientists, for example, at Mount Sinai\u2019s Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience probed the neurobiological underpinnings of CBD\u2019s ability to attenuate opioid relapse. Building on their previous work, which showed that CBD lessens cue-induced heroin-seeking in an animal model of relapse, the Mount Sinai lab identified \u201cdiscrete biological pathways impacted by heroin\u201d in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the brain region that regulates motivation and reward: \u201cBioinformatic analysis revealed that CBD reversed a number of metabolic and cell signaling pathway alterations induced by heroin particularly in the NAc shell.\u201d<\/p>\n
Neuroscientists at Indiana University explored how allosteric modulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor affected opioid self-administration and relapse. Allosteric modulators can either enhance or weaken how a receptor signals. A negative allosteric modulator (NAM) \u2014 a synthetic research compound identified as GAT358 \u2014 reduced the reinforcing properties of morphine by altering the shape of the CB1 receptor and weakening its signal. This approach might \u201crepresent a viable therapeutic route to decrease opioid addictive behaviors and relapse,\u201d the scientists surmised. The same lab reported that GAT358 suppressed \u201copioid-mediated unwanted side effects including tolerance and withdrawal\u201d but did not block opioid analgesia.<\/p>\n
The wide range of topics at ICRS is both a reflection of the endocannabinoid system\u2019s ubiquitous role in health and disease and a testament to the enduring mysteries of plant medicine.<\/p>\n
CBD, it should be noted, also acts as a negative allosteric modulator at the CB1 receptor, meaning that CBD doesn\u2019t cause the CB1 receptor to signal (like THC does) but CBD influences how it signals. If the CB1 receptor is like a dimmer switch, then CBD turns it down a notch. It\u2019s also possible for a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) to turn the dimmer switch up a notch and amplify CB1 signaling.<\/p>\n
The Indiana University group led by Andrea G. Hohmann studied PAMs as well as NAMs, fine-tuning CB1 receptor signaling in both directions. They found that strengthening CB1 signaling via positive allosteric modulation \u201ccould suppress neuropathic pain without producing unwanted CNS side effects or tolerance.\u201d Tweaking the CB1 receptor in such a manner avoided potential problems (intoxication, impairment) associated with direct activation of CB1 by THC or various synthetic cannabinoids. Mohammed Mustafa of Virginia Commonwealth University reported that positive allosteric modulation of the CB1 receptor also reduced somatic withdrawal signs of nicotine-dependent mice.<\/p>\n
2023 saw the passing of two research pioneers who were giants in the field of cannabinoid science. Mary E. Abood, PhD, conducted groundbreaking studies on the structure and function of cannabinoid receptors. She also identified other receptor subtypes that bind to cannabinoids. A leading figure in the ICRS since its founding in the early 1990s, Abood was known for mentoring young women scientists. After her death on Feb. 19, 2023, the ICRS announced the creation of the \u201cMary E. Abood ICRS Women in Cannabinoid Research Fund\u201d to support women trainees and investigators.<\/p>\n
Mechoulam, 92, passed away three weeks after Abood died. For all his stunning achievements as a chemist, perhaps his greatest contribution was how he nurtured a robust noncompetitive spirit, an ethos of cooperation and collegiality that persists among scientists involved in cannabinoid research. This was evident at the dinner and awards ceremony at the end of conference \u2014 an ICRS tradition \u2014 as young scientists were acknowledged for their research accomplishments and recently elected ICRS officers were introduced. When ICRS president-elect Ziva Cooper, the director of UCLA\u2019s Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, greeted the group, it felt like a generational hand-off had occurred, a passing-of-the-baton from the old guard to younger scientists who stand on the shoulders of giants.<\/p>\n
Martin A. Lee is the director of Project CBD. He\u2019s authored and edited several books, including\u00a0Smoke Signals,\u00a0Acid Dreams, and\u00a0The Essential Guide to CBD.\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Copyright, Project CBD. May not be reprinted without\u00a0permission.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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