We can barely agree on what it is, let alone what it does. Does a \u201cmicrodose\u201d of psilocybin or LSD<\/span> have to be sub-perceptual? Should you microdose daily or intermittently? What about \u201cstacking\u201d small doses of psychedelics with other supplements? Does microdosing raise productivity and creativity, or reduce depression and anxiety? Is microdosing a fad? A placebo? A panacea? Can it harm your heart?<\/p>\n Evidence to date is mixed, and generally fails to confirm the loftier promises of microdosing. Still, true believers and avid skeptics can probably agree it\u2019s an interesting and worthwhile area of study. Given the growing popularity of microdosing, if it can\u2019t truly make us healthier or happier, we should know that. If it can, all the better.<\/p>\n Interestingly, while researchers have studied the effects of low doses of psychedelics since at least the 1950s, the term \u201cmicrodosing\u201d is a newcomer in the scientific lexicon. The words \u201cpsychedelic\u201d and \u201cmicrodose\u201d didn\u2019t appear together in a published, peer-reviewed paper until 2018. In 2019 and 2020, 18 and 19 papers, respectively, mentioned pyschedelic microdosing, and in 2021, just 15 did.<\/p>\n But this year is on track to far surpass the rest, with 24 papers mentioning microdosing as of mid-September (and at least six focusing on it from the last few months).<\/p>\n In August, the journal Neuroscience &<\/span> Behavioral Reviews1 published a systematic review on the \u201cemerging science\u201d of microdosing that its Australia-based authors call the most comprehensive yet. It covers 44 studies published between 1955 and 2021 and summarizes reported effects across six categories: mood and mental health; wellbeing and attitude; cognition and creativity; personality; changes in conscious state; and neurobiology and physiology.<\/p>\n Does microdosing raise productivity and creativity, or reduce depression and anxiety?<\/p>\n The authors note that laboratory studies have observed changes in pain perception, time perception, conscious state, and neurophysiology. Studies based on self-reporting from outside the lab, meanwhile, have observed changes in cognitive processing and mental health. That\u2019s fine as far as it goes, but here\u2019s where things get murky. The authors acknowledge that across these studies risk of bias varies widely, dose size is poorly defined and controlled, and bidirectional effects are common (many outcome measures have been shown to both decrease and increase following microdosing).<\/p>\n On top of all that, placebo control is not only rare across the studies (17 of 44), but \u201cseldom adequate\u201d when present. As a result, \u201cit is difficult to distinguish between the role of drug expectancy and drug effects of microdosing within the reviewed studies,\u201d the authors conclude. \u201cA key question for researchers is whether these effects of microdosing have clinical or optimization benefits beyond what might be explained by placebo or expectation.\u201d<\/p>\n To move beyond the current quandary, the authors offer a number of recommendations for strengthening the science of microdosing, from basics like accurately measuring substances and doses to taller orders like launching long-term longitudinal studies. More broadly, they call for a new phase of well-controlled \u201cconfirmatory research\u201d to assess individual predictors, expectations, and contextual factors within active-placebo-controlled studies. \u201cWith the above recommendations in mind,\u201d the authors conclude, \u201cmicrodosing science is set to mushroom into a productive field of enquiry over the coming years.\u201d (Pun intended, we presume.)<\/p>\n A pair of double-blind, placebo-controlled microdosing studies from a research team in Argentina highlight conflicting findings and intriguing potential.<\/p>\n The first, appearing in the journal Translational Psychiatry2 in August 2022, investigates the acute and short-term effects of 0.5 grams of psilocybin in 34 individuals on subjective experience, behavior, creativity, perception, cognition, and brain activity.<\/p>\n \u201cReported acute effects were significantly more intense for the active dose compared to the placebo, but only for participants who correctly identified their experimental condition [emphasis added],\u201d the authors report. In other words, by assessing how well subjects were blinded to the nature of each dose (active or placebo), the researchers were able to show that this association held up only among individuals who knew whether or not they\u2019d taken psilocybin.<\/p>\n This finding undermines the premise that pharmacological pathways are responsible. Furthermore, the researchers also found no evidence across the (albeit small) study population to support enhanced well-being, creativity, and cognitive function associated with microdosing.<\/p>\n \u201cWe conclude that expectation underlies at least some of the anecdotal benefits attributed to microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms,\u201d they write.<\/p>\n A second paper by the same team suggests there\u2019s more going on with microdosing than can be explained by expectation. Published in September 2022 in the journal Psychopharmacology3 this paper offers evidence that microdosing psilocybin may produce subtle, subconscious effects on unconstrained natural speech (meaning not limited or shaped by questionnaires or other pre-selected questions). Again using a double-blind and placebo-controlled experimental design, they employed computer analyses of recorded speech to evaluate three language parameters \u2013 verbosity, semantic variability, and sentiment scores \u2013 to determine whether microdosers use language differently than non-microdosers.<\/p>\n There\u2019s more going on with microdosing than can be explained by expectation.<\/p>\n They did not find any significant associations with semantic variability, a measure of the difference in meaning of consecutive words (and a proxy for speech coherence). They did, however, observe that the psilocybin microdosing group exhibited greater verbosity (number of words spoken) and sentiment scores (use of terms linked to positive\/negative sentiments), both of which are consistent with improved mood. No signi\ufb01cant differences in these associations were found between participants who correctly identi\ufb01ed the experimental condition and those who did not.<\/p>\n Finally, the researchers trained machine-learning models to discriminate between microdosers and non-microdosers using these metrics with high accuracy. \u201cOur results constitute first proof that low doses of serotonergic psychedelics can be identified from unconstrained natural speech,\u201d the authors write, \u201cwith potential for widely applicable, affordable, and ecologically valid monitoring of microdosing schedules.\u201d<\/p>\n The findings are arguably even more noteworthy for providing rare evidence of a potential link between microdosing and real-world therapeutic benefits independent of expectation and placebo. Though it may not be the sort of mood-enhancing, creativity-boosting effect touted in some anecdotal reports, becoming more talkative and positive without losing coherence could still be a big gain for some.<\/p>\n Nate Seltenrich, an independent science journalist based in the San Francisco Bay Area, covers a wide range of subjects including environmental health, neuroscience, and pharmacology. Copyright, Project CBD<\/span>. May not be reprinted without permission.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\nAn Emerging Science<\/h2>\n
Great Expectations<\/h2>\n
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<\/div>\nA Tale of Two Studies<\/h2>\n
Sources<\/h2>\n
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Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"